Which amendment prevents government bodies from acting in an arbitrary manner?

The Fifth Amendment is well-known for its protection against arbitrary government action, particularly through its guarantees of due process. This means that the government must follow fair procedures and cannot deprive individuals of their life, liberty, or property without a fair legal process. The core idea is that citizens should be treated fairly and equitably, ensuring that any legal actions taken against them are reasonable and justified.

In contrast, the First Amendment primarily focuses on the freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly, the Sixth Amendment guarantees rights related to criminal prosecutions, such as the right to a fair trial, and the Fourteenth Amendment extends due process protections and equal protection under the law to individuals against state actions. However, the specific language and protections found in the Fifth Amendment directly address the prohibition of arbitrary government conduct, making it the most relevant amendment for this question.